Written in 1948, Karen Horney’s paper on vindictiveness takes a psychoanalytic perspective on the need for revenge. She considers the aims of vindictive behaviour and outlines three forms of vindictiveness which she describes as openly aggressive vindictiveness, self-effacing…
Karen Horney (1885 – 1952) was a German psychoanalyst whose theories challenged Freudian views that were prevalent at the time, especially Freud’s views around sexuality. She did not believe in any inherent differences in the psychology of men and women, believing any differences were…
From Studies in the Maternal 2 (2010) Joan Raphael-Leff’s writing provides a unique perspective on maternal subjectivity, a topic she feels has been long-neglected in psychoanalysis. Raphael-Leff challenges the idealisation of the early mother-baby bond that excludes negative maternal…
